Literary analysis of “Huckleberry Finn” and “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”

Many writers have used their talents to influence the way a generation thinks, but few writers have had the same remarkable influence as Mark Twain. Ernest Hemingway coined, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry is the novel from which all modern American literature comes from. † Even today, Twain Is mostly acclaimed for his masterpiece, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The book draws on Twain's memories of his boyhood in Hannibal, Mo. , the knowledge of the Mississippi River that he had gained as a pilot, and his 20 years of experience in creating fictional character and adventure (Covici 1). Twain rushes Huck into encounters that allow the reader to portray pre–Civil War life along the Mississippi as well as to present the moral complexities of a boy's growing up outside of society’s reach on the Mississippi River (Covici 1). In his books, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain provides insight into the pre-civil war time through his clear depictions of southern society’s ignorant and discriminatory notions. Although at first the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, was roundly denounced as inappropriate for readers, it is considered to be one of the most important works of literature in American history through its condemnation of society. Mark Twain accurately portrays a hypocritical American society by highlighting its rigid ideals regarding civility as well as its ignorant perspective regarding morality shown through immoral use of slavery, institution of religion, and characters. One way in which Twain accurately portrays the pre-civil war South is through his criticism of society’s immoral use of slavery. During the pre-civil war time, slavery had become a prominent aspect of southern life, where slaves were expected to unquestioningly obey their masters or else there would have been consequences such as physical beatings and whippings to face. Thus slavery had become a way of life for Southern African Americans. With the booming cotton industry, the South gradually became dependent on the use of slavery. Slavery provided significantly cheap labor to help produce cotton. Gradually slavery became a socially acceptable practice. Moreover, in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn, the protagonist, finds nothing immorally wrong about slavery since slavery was a part of everyday life in the South. This reflects on southern societies ignorant and hypocritical views by slavery were widely accepted, despite being an act of injustice and servitude (Grant 3). Often in satire, writers will use the internal conflict of a character to symbolically criticize the values and morality of society. Likewise, Twain reflects on society’s hypocrisy through Huck’s inner conflict (Cox 6). Huck, though liberates Jim, never accepts it as a moral deed but rather a sin due to the mindset during that time. Huck liberating Jim is rather seen as an act of rebellion against society and its defined set of laws defining one as ‘civilized’ (Grant 4). To further explain, Huck is conflicted whether to free Jim or sends him back to Miss Watson, his rightful owner (Grant 3). To further expand on this, Huck quotes in Huckleberry Finn, â€Å"Well I can’t tell you it made me all trembly and feverish, too, to hear him, because I began to get it through my head that he was most free – and who was to blame for it? Why, me. I couldn’t get it out of my conscience, no how nor no way. †(Twain 84) This exemplifies Huck’s guilt as he feels he committed a misdemeanor aiding Jim in his crime; escaping slavery. Huck here feels an obligation to the white society of which he is a member of, thus explaining as to why he feels as if he is robbing Jim from Miss Watson (Pullen 2). Overall, Twain here makes a strong statement, through Huck, about the way people regard slavery as anything but immoral and ruthless, portraying the hypocrisy of society’s ideas regarding civility, as a civil person would never consider of keeping a human being chained to such inhumane treatment or practicing slavery as acceptable. Other than Huck, the Dauphin and Duke, two con artists, are shown to provide the final demoralizing generalization as they question who stole their money, during the WIlk incident. The Wilks incident was when the Duke and Dauphin plan to rob three girls of their money that they inherited after the recent death of their father. The Duke and Dauphin pretend to be the girls’ uncles from England while playing with the girls’ emotions just to gain their inheritance however when both are ready to escape with all the girls’ inheritance, the money goes missing. Consequently, the first suspect is Jim. Furthermore, the Duke states, ‘Do you reckon a nigger can run across money and nor borrow some of it. †(Twain 175). The Duke is declaring outright that blacks are thieves explaining why he first suspects Jim as the thief, despite Jim’s good hearted nature (Taylor 6). The irony of the duke and dauphin, who are a part of this white society, are frauds themselves yet they’re pointing fingers at an innocent man due to his race and color symbolizes the hypocrisy of southern society. Another example of society’s hypocrisy concerning civility and stiff ideals is toward the end of the novel, where Tom was wounded by a bullet and Jim declares that if the situation were reversed, Tom would presumably return to society and get a doctor to aid Jim. This causes Huck to think â€Å"he (Jim) was white inside, and I reckoned he'd say what he did say- so it was alright now, and I told Tom I was a-going for a doctor† (Twain 263). This demonstrations how Huck has still not escaped the pervading influence of beliefs that people who are â€Å"white inside† are actually those who care and respect each other, while slaves aren’t. Huck symbolizes the rational held against blacks in white southern people’s minds. The rational that white people were more humane and pure than blacks. Twain makes a point through irony to exhibit that though white people considered themselves more humane they still practiced slavery, an immoral act. In conclusion, Twain represents a hypocritical southern society where white people weren’t as civilized as they thought they were. Furthermore, Twain criticizes the hypocritical Southern society regarding morality through the institution of religion. During the 1800s, slavery was seen as an acceptable act not only in the eyes of society but also religion (Taylor 3). Religion was a major influence during the pre-civil war era defining morality and what was acceptable during that time. During slavery in America, this superficial Christian code labeled blacks as the epitome of incivility, thus justifying their mistreatment† (Taylor 5). This further explains how many people would justify slavery through religion, which considered as a pure holy belief that promotes justice, thus portraying the hypocrisy of society. For example, Twain denounces religion through Huck, as Huck is shown to ridicule the Christian faith of Miss Watson and Widow Douglas. To explain this further, Huck states, â€Å"I said to myself, if a body can get anything they pray for why don’t Deacon Winn get back the money he lost on pork? Why can’t the widow get back her silver snuff box that was stole? Why can’t Miss Watson fat-up† (Twain 10). Through Twain’s satirical humor he challenges the behaviors and tenants of Christianity by Huck’s begging the question â€Å"if there is that much power in praying, then why didn’t what we wished for come true? † (Twain 33). Twain once again criticizes the fact that that praying isn’t going to help you get something, because society during the pre-civil war time strongly believed in religion initiating society to be more spiritual rather than practical. Mark Twain creates characters like Miss Watson and Widow Douglas who, although are morally correct and religious, believe that slavery is necessary for life. Miss Watson, who helps raise Huck in the beginning of the novel, is someone who isn’t bothered the least of keeping slaves. While growing up with the slave trade, she became accustomed to the use of slavery; finding nothing immorally wrong with it. However the fact that she cannot perceive right from wrong, such as keeping and selling slaves, contributes to her uncivilized behavior like many other characters, thus representing an entire society. An example is after Jim escapes from Miss Watson’s home, as he overhears her planning to sell him for eight hundred dollars, thus he sets out on his journey to freedom with Huck he states, â€Å"pecks on me all de time, en treats me pooty rough† (Twain 38). This displays how though Miss Watson is always trying to civilize Huck and set him on the right path to a religious civilized lifestyle, yet treats Jim very poorly. In essence, Miss Watson demonstrates society’s hypocrisy regarding morality once again, as she treats one human being, (Huck), with care and other human being (Jim) with little to no regard as if property. Not to mention In the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain uses humor to denounce Sunday school, an institution of religion, for making children memorize Bible verses for a measly Bible as a reward. To further expand, Tom states, â€Å"How many of my readers would have the industry and the applications to memorize two thousand verses even for a Dore Bible? And a boy of German parentage had won four or five (Bibles). He once recited three thousand verses without stopping; but the strain upon his mental faculties was too great. Furthermore, Tom relates the story of a German boy who â€Å"had once recited three thousand verses without stopping† and afterward suffered a nervous breakdown (Twain 56). In calling the boy’s collapse â€Å"a grievous misfortune for the school† as the school relied on the student to perform for guests to increase the reputation of the school, Twain implies that the students are memorizing verses not for real spiritual growth but for the sake o f making their teachers and superintendent look good. Additionally, Twain criticizes the institution of religion, by condemning religious ideals through his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by juxtaposing Huck’s moral development outside of church (Taylor 2). Though Huck still recognizes all the deeds he has committed during the novel, for instance liberating Jim, a sin, he is still shown to be courageous, virtuous, and gain the ability to forgive in contrast to the upbringing by Widow Douglas and Miss Watson’s through societal conformity and stiff ideals regarding morality. The institution of religion was the basis for morality in everyday life in the pre-civil war time, yet it makes the reader question the moral judgment of people during that time. Twain’s critique on the institution of religion analyzes the failure of religion to demonstrate to the morals they teach, indirectly criticizing southern society for their hypocritical views regarding morality. Moreover, Mark Twain also represents society’s hypocritical views regarding civility during pre-civil war time through other characters that Huck and Jim meet along their journey on the Mississippi River. As Huck and a runaway slave, Jim, rowed their raft along the Mississippi River, into the heartland of slavery in North America, Twain was enabled to achieve a realistic portrait of American life in the 19th century (Mark Twain 2). Along their journey on the raft, Huck and Jim met many people which symbolized society’s so called sophisticated civilization as anything but courteous. The first people they meet are the Grangerfords, a humble family at first but soon are revealed to be aggressive and immature. In this case, Huck states, â€Å"Human beings can be awful cruel to one another† (Twain 206). Huck states this during the Grangerford and Shepherdson huge fight, reflecting on how human beings could be so awful to one another over such petty issues. (Dendinger 8) To expand, Huck observes a lack of social grace in people like the Grangerfords who are born into high class families and live a perfect conservative blissful life, yet seem so immature. Their immaturity is seen when The Grangerfords have an on-going family feud with their neighbors the Sheperdsons, despite both sides not knowing how the feud started. When one of the Grangerfords’ daughters elopes with one of the Shepherdson’s sons, the end result is a violent shootout between both families. Huck joins two Grangerford boys during one of the shootouts and â€Å"the (Sheperdson) men run along the bank shooting at them and singing out ‘Kill them, kill them! ‘† (Twain 103). The Shepherdson’s are too consumed by their anger that they are unable to see what they have become. Both families use violence to resolve a matter which could have been also resolved legally rather than such chaos. Society’s way to take matters in their own hands while using violence as an answer depicts southern society’s cruelty and ruthlessness. To expand on all this, Twain demonstrates a society that pursues violence to resolve issues while filled with greed and corruption, all the qualities a civilized society lacks. Twain effectively illustrates society’s hypocritical views regarding civility through the trip along the Mississippi River as it symbolizes the inherent greed present in society. The most prominent part of their trip along the Mississippi River was listening to Sherburn’s speech, , in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, that took place after Colonel Sherburn displays cold blooded and ruthless characteristics as he shoots a drunk man for no apparent reason. Colonel Sherburn starts when a mob comes to lynch him, â€Å"The idea of lynching anybody! It’s amusing. The idea of you thinking you had pluck enough to lynch a man! Because you’re brave enough to tar and feather poor friendless cast-out women that come along here, did that make you think you had grit enough to lay your hands on a man? Why, a man’s safe in the hands of ten thousands of your kind- as long as it’s daytime and you’re not behind him. † In this case, Twain suggests that true courage is to do the right thing, but most men will not stand up for the right thing. In fact, â€Å"Southern justice† as Twain points out, is often committed by a gathering of cowards who hide their faces and become judge, jury and executioner. Sherburn can stand up to the multitude because no one in the crowd has the courage to defy him. Courage is standing in the face of evil and defeating it, but Sherburn points out that no one is willing to do that. If you expand the idea, Twain is indirectly referring to slavery and the treatment of blacks. . He is suggesting that Huck's actions, although slow in evolving, suggest that courage can be found if we are willing to defy social norms or great crowds and do what our conscience tells us is right. That is why when Huck stands up to the program that society has laid out for the treatment of slaves, and says that he would â€Å"go to hell† rather than see Jim returned to slavery, it is in keeping of the colonel's definition of courage (Dendinger 8). In essence, sherburn’s speech condemns society of its hypocrisy of being something it’s not, not to mention also portraying a society following rigid ideals, such as societal conformity and bondage that keeps them from moving forward. Overall, the journey along the Mississippi River symbolized a southern society that lacked the qualities of a civilized society while exploring the hypocritical views society pertains about civility. Blinded by their ignorant view of â€Å"civilized† society, the people seen throughout Huck and Jim’s journey, are unable to settle disputes without violence, incapable to depict right from wrong yet create rules and laws defying logic, and practice slavery and degrading a race with religion back then giving way; verifying that their â€Å"sophisticated† society is more of an illusion than a reality. Twain demonstrates an accurate portrayal of southern society during the pre-civil war time by the racial oppression that was present during that time. Blacks were degraded constantly while denied of freedom and liberty, defining southern society’s rigid ideals and hypocritical view of morality. Along with racial oppression was present was the basis of institution of religion that also demonstrated the hypocritical view of morality. (Valkeakari 2) In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the Mississippi River symbolized the hypocritical view society retained regarding civility. From hypocritical view on civility to racial oppression, all helped to accurately depict the pre-civil war era. , Twain brings out a message from the outsets of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer, condemning society of its hypocritical deed of being this so called sophisticated morally correct society. Twain attacks the mindless acceptance of values that he believed kept the South in its dark ages during the pre-civil war era, in result restricting the South to move forward and advance towards success (Grant 4).

Srs of Library Membership System

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION (SRS) for the System Name UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM Prepared For: MDM NOR AZLIANA AKMAL JAMALUDIN Prepared By: MOHAMAD HAFIZ BIN MOHAMAD NOOR 4111017111 LOGGESWARAN SINNAIH4111009881 MUHAMMAD ABDUL HAKIM BIN ZAINI 4111022751 SYED AHMAD RIDHWAN BIN SYED MOKHTAR 4111023651 Authenticated by __________________Approved by__________________ Date ___________________Date __________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Scope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1. 1 IDENTIFICATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 2 Module overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 3 Document Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. 4 R elationship to other plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 2. reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. 1 Government Documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 2. 2 Non-Government Documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 2. 3 Contractual documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 2. 4 Non-contractual document†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 7 3. Engineering Document †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 3. 1 System Context Diagram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. 1. 1 Unisel library Membership System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3. 1. 1. 1 Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 1. 1. 2 Association†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 1. 1. 3 Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 1. 1. 4 Association†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 2 General System Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 3. 2. 1 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_001)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 1 3. 2. 1. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 2 3. 2. 1. 2Characteristic of Acti vation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 3 3. 2. 1. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4 3. 2. 1. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 5 3. 2. 1. 5Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 3. 2. 2 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_002)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 6 3. 2. 2. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 7 3. 2. 2. 2Characteristic of Activation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 8 3. 2. 2. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 9 3. 2. 2. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 10 3. 2. 2. 5Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 3. 2. 3 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_003) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 11 3. 2. 3. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 15 12 3. 2. 3. 2Characteristic of Activation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 13 3. 2. 3. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 14 3. 2. 3. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 15 3. 2. 3. Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 3. 2. 4 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_004)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 16 3. 2. 4. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 17 3. 2. 4. 2Characteristic of Activation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 18 3. 2. 4. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 19 3. 2. 4. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 20 3. 2. 4. 5Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 3. 3 Exception Flow †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 3. 3. 1 Post condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 3. 3. 2 Rules (s) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 3. 3. 3 Constraint (s) .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 3. 3. 4 Note (s) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 4. Gui †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 3. 4. 1 Main Screen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 3. 4. 2 Registration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 3. 4. 3 Logging in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 3. 4. 4 About us page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 3. 4. 5 Database page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 3. 5CSCI Internal Interfaces †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 3. 6 Module data element requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 3. 7 Adaptation Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 3. 8 Sizing and Timing Requirements†¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 3. 9Safety Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 4. 0Requirements Traceability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 4. preparation for delivery †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 26 5. Note †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 1SCOPE 1 1. 11. 1 Identification System Number : 01-02-022-R0-2006-03 System Name: UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM System Abbreviation: 01-02-022-R0 Module Number: 01-02-022-R0-2006-03 Module Name: UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP Module Abbreviation: 01- 02-022-R0 2 1. 21. 2 Module OverviewThis paragraph describes the purpose of the system and the module to which this SRS applies. Purpose of the Unisel Library Membership System: The main purpose of the system is to make the registration process and book borrowing process easier. Purpose of the Unisel Library Membership System: 1. Online registration -Students can make registration from their place without going to the library. They can go to the online library page and key in their information and register themselves. 2. Information about the library -The main page of the system contains the information about the library and also the information about the system.It also contains the procedures for borrowing the book from the library. 3. Administrator login -This page is the login page for the Administrators. There is place to enter â€Å"username†, â€Å"password† and a â€Å"login† button. Once they enter the username and password correctly, the system will dir ect them to another page. 4. Student database -This is the database page that contains all the registered student's information. This page contains student's name, id, race, course, religion, password, email, address, membership type, and faculty. 3 1. 31. 3 Document OverviewThis document describes the interaction between the actors with the module Unisel Library Membership System. Analysis of the requirements applying to Unisel Library Membership System relies on an OOAD UML notation using the Rational Rose 2000 tool. Certain elements resulting from this analysis are presented in this document. Chapter 1:Scope Chapter 2:Referenced Documents Chapter 3:Engineering Requirements Chapter 4: Qualification Requirements Chapter 5: Preparation for Delivery Chapter 6:Notes 4 1. 41. 4 Relationship to other plans Not applicable. 2REFERENCE DOCUMENTThe following documents, for which the exact is indicated, form part of the specification as far as everything specified hereafter is concerned. In the event of a discrepancy between the documents referred to here and the content of this specification, it is the content of the specification, which should be considered to be the background reference. Copies of specifications, standards, drawings and publications requested by suppliers in contact with the specified supplying functions may be obtained by contacting the contracting agency or directly through the contracting office. 1 2. 12. 1 Government DocumentsNot applicable. 2 2. 22. 2 Non-Government Documents |[1] |Sommerville Software Engineering | |[2] |System Requirement Study | | | | 3 2. 3 Contractual documents Not applicable. 4 2. 42. 4 Non-contractual document Not applicable. 3ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS 1 3. 13. 1 System Context Diagram Figure 1: Context Diagram Figure 2: Use Case DiagramFigure 2 System Flow 3. 1. 1Unisel Library Membership System System Interface Identification: System Administrator Interface Type: Person 3. 1. 1. 1 Description The System Administrator is an actor who responsible for managing Unisel Library Membership System. He / She will manage the users and contents of Unisel Library Membership System. 3. 1. 1. 2 Association This actor communicates with all of the use cases. Interface Identification: Normal User Interface Type: Person (Student) 3. 1. 1. 3 Description Normal User are the students, they can only use â€Å"Main Page†, â€Å"Registration Page† and also the â€Å"Book Borrowing Page†. . 1. 1. 4 Association This actor communicates with the following use cases : 1. visit main page 2. register – normal user can register 3. using the system – normal user use the system only for borrowing 2 3. 2 3. 2General System Requirements 3. 2 HAHH STUDENT Figure 2: Use Case 3. 2. 3Use Case Name3 (SRS_REQ1_001) Eg: Figure 5: Use Case Registration diagram 1 3. 2. 3. 1Brief Description Student must complete the form and click submit if the form has been completed. We have fill in to register as a lib rary member. 2 3. 2. 3. 2Characteristic of ActivationStudents must register first before using the system library, personal information should be stored in the system. 3 3. 2. 3. 3Pre-Condition 4 1. System displays registration button. (SRS_REQ1_003) 5 3. 2. 3. 4Basic Flow 1. This use case begins when the first register. 2. Registration display system that includes the following options: A-1: We have text box for name, id, race, course, religion, password, email and address. After insert detail click submit button to submit the form after completely fill in the form. 3. The use case ends. 7 3. 2. 3. 5Alternative Flow Not applicable. 3. 2. 1Use Case Name1 (SRS_REQ1_002) Eg: Figure 3: Use Case Main Screen diagram 1 3. 2. 1. 1Brief Description The main screen is a main page about the online registration for the library. The main page have a button home, about us and registration. 2 3. 2. 1. 2Characteristic of Activation User must register and enter the password and the email address or Id card. 3 3. 2. 1. 3Pre-Condition 1. System displays user or person menu. (SRS_REQ1_001) 2. User can't access Administration page. (SRS_REQ1_001) 4 3. 2. 1. 4Basic Flow 1.This use case begins when the user has registered information on the first page. 2. System display home, about us and registration which including the following options: – Additional buttons are about us and registration to assist the customers. 3. The use case ends. 5 3. 2. 1. 5Alternative Flow A-1: Selects Add New library system button 1. Information such as the button for the contact information should be added in the future. (SRS_REQ1_001) 2. The use case continues. A-2: Selects contact information button 1. users can contact if there any problems. 3. 2. 2Use Case Name2 (SRS_REQ1_003)Eg: Figure 4: Use Case about us diagram 1 2 3. 2. 2. 1Brief Description These pages show the library system database. This database shows information about students who have registered to become library members. 3 3. 2. 2. 2Characteristic of Activation The name, id, race, course, religion, password, email, and address, membership type and faculty. 4 3. 2. 2. 3Pre-Condition 5 1. Admin allows to check the details of the information. Unisel library system shows the table that contains the record of all students that are member of the library. Present a form to the admin to allow him to search the record of the students. SRS_REQ1_102) 6 3. 2. 2. 4Basic Flow 1. This use case is begin when the admin click the database page [A-1: Actor select the search bar to view the student database] 2. System display the student information who have registered [A-1: Actor select to view according to name, id, race, course, religion, password, email, and address, membership type and faculty] 3 . The use case ends. A-1: Not applicable. 1. The use case ends. 7 3. 2. 2. 5Alternative Flow [A-1: Actor selects delete] 1. System displays the delete button [A-2: Actor selects menu box button] 2. The use case continuesA-2: Actor selects home button 1. System goes back to previous screen. 3. 2. 4Use Case Name4 (SRS_REQ1_004) Eg: Figure 6: Use Case Admin diagram 1 3. 2. 4. 1Brief Description Only admin can check and updates the record information . 2 3. 2. 4. 2Characteristic of Activation Admin can open the data and check the information through the database. 3 3. 2. 4. 3Pre-Condition 1. System displays Administration menu. (SRS_REQ1_004) 2. User has privilege to access Administration page. (SRS_REQ1_004) 4 3. 2. 4. 4Basic Flow 1. This use case is begin when check the information through the database 2.System display admin which including the following options: A-1: Admin can login in admin panel and insert username and password to check the data. 3. The use case ends. 5 3. 2. 4. 5Alternative Flow Not applicable. 6 7 3. 3 Exception Flow †¢ Error massage will appear in registration information could not continue if the information is incomplete. †¢ Error massage will appear to enter the email and pas sword information is wrong. †¢ Error massage will appear when the information is already used. 8 3. 3. 1Post Condition(s) †¢ The system are successful. 9 10 3. 3. Rules(s) †¢ Users not allowed to access the database system. †¢ The register form must be complete before proceed. †¢ Users can access the system anytime. †¢ System can use by all students at UNISEL. 11 3. 3. 3Constraint(s) 12 †¢ Users must knowledgeable about this system before use it. †¢ If form not completed, user cannot submit the form. †¢ User must have id number to log in this system. †¢ The information of all the users must be stored in a database that is accessible by the Online Library System. †¢ The university information security system must be compatible with the Internet applications. The users access the Online Library System from any computer that has Internet browsing capabilities and an Internet connection. †¢ The billing system is connected to th e Online Library System and the database used by the billing system must be compatible with the interface of the Online Library System 13 3. 3. 4Note(s) 14 †¢ Users can browse to see the books existing currently in the library via online access. †¢ System can update all new information about the university. †¢ System can display the charge fines imposed for late return of books. 1 3. 4 GUI 1) Main ScreenIn the main page users are able to: I. Do Registration. II. Logging in. III. View information about the library. [pic] Figure 7 : Main Screen 2) Registration I. Click on the button Register. II. Registration page. [pic] Figure 8 : Registration page III. Fill in name, id, race, course, religion, password, Email, address and choose the membership type. IV. Click to submit button (to be complete the registration). 3) Logging in. I. User must type a user name and password to log in the system II. Click the button â€Å"login† to access the system [pic] Figure 9 : Lo gging in page III. About us page [pic]Figure 10 : about us page 1. On this page it tells the story of rooms available to fine reading materials and system. 2. It also a story about the library system IV. Database page [pic] Figure 11 : Database page I. This database show information of about student who have registered to become library members. II. Admin allow to check the details of information . III. They also can edit and delete it. 3. 5CSCI Internal Interfaces 3. 5. 1Main Class Diagram 1 1.. * 10.. * 10.. * 3. 6Module Data Element Requirements This paragraph identifies the interfaces between the capabilities identified above.In this case, this means that we give the main activity, the list of the classes, the received and sent messages of each class according to an object-oriented viewpoint. 3 3. 53. 7 Adaptation Requirements Not applicable. 4 3. 63. 8Sizing and Timing Requirements |ITEM |INPUT |DESCRIPTION |OUTPUT | | |Username and password |Session will expire if the |System logged out automatically | |20 seconds | |system is idle for 30 minutes | |Table 1: Time Requirements Description 5 3. 73. 9Safety Requirements |ITEM |INPUT |DESCRIPTION |OUTPUT | | | |Insert the wrong id all |System reset all information | |Error |Register |information will be deleted and |automatically | | | |can't process. | | Table 2 : Safety Requirements 3. 9Requirements Traceability |No |Requirement No. |Description | |1. |SRS_REQ1_001 |System displays Registration | |2. |SRS_REQ1_002 |System displays Main Screen | |3. |SRS_REQ1_003 |System displays Database | |4. SRS_REQ1_004 |System displays Record Information | Table 3: Unisel Library Membership System Use Case Requirements Traceability 4PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY The delivery of documents will be delivered in the following formats: File format:MS Word (. doc) Submission formats:Hardcopy Quantity:1 each 5NOTES Abbreviation used: – CSCIComputer Software Configuration Item – CSCComputer Software Component †“ CSUComputer Software unit 3. 8 2 3. 10 [pic] ———————– Admin e-Document Student Unisel Library Membership System Registration online and Web Information Main screen User Home Registration About us Complete Form Submit Form Database Login Login Page Admin Registration Main Screen STUDENT DATABASE RECORD INFORMATION ADMIN Registration Main Screen Database Record Information 1. The register button to access the registration form Logging button Home Button About us button 3. Submit button 2. Registration form . Logging in form. 2. Logging in button Admin Unisel Library Membership System Register Database Student ———————– †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/†¦.. /SRS/120082009 UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM V3 A4 00-01-022-0 ITEM NUMBER VERSION FORMAT CSCI NAME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION COVER PAGE V3 A4 01-02-022-R0 UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM ITEM NUMBER VERSION FORMAT CSCI NAME DOCUM ENT IDENTIFICATION V3 A4 01-02-022-R0 UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM ITEM NUMBER VERSION FORMAT CSCI NAME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION

Criminal Behavior and Policing in America Essay

Criminal Behavior and Policing in America - Essay Example The definition of criminal behavior also changes with place. In some countries of the world, drugs such as marijuana are outlawed, and possession or use brings serious consequences. In other countries, the drug is sold and used openly. In the United States, California, Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington state all allow the use of medical marijuana, although it is explicitly prohibited by federal law. Recently, a San Francisco Circuit Court of Appeals judge ruled that states can make their own medical marijuana laws, as long as the commerce does not involve any other state.  While ideas about the definition of criminal behavior in a time and place influence policing, political values and social conditions also shape our ideas about policing. Ebbe (2000) suggests that each country forms its ideas about policing based on custom and tradition, historical experience, and international events. America is customarily focused on traditions of individual freedom â€⠀œ but we surrender much of that freedom to policing agencies when serious domestic or international events pose a danger to our collective good. In fact, we are willing to surrender our – and our fellows’ – rights to amazing capacities. In American history, we can look to the Alien and Sedition Acts, the Schenck decision, the interment of Americans of Japanese ancestry during World War II, the House Un-American Activities Committee, and the Patriot Act. The notion that it is acceptable to surrender more authority. to policing agencies is well-chronicled and accepted in our nation’s history. Our history also shows periods of real isolationist sentiment that is

Product Liability Suit - The Case of Toyota Essay

Product Liability Suit - The Case of Toyota - Essay Example However, there are several reports of untoward incidents that are caused by safety-related defects of products. The failure of most companies to be responsible for their products resulted to product liability lawsuits. As a consequence, severe damage on the profit and sales can be experienced with a tainted reputation from the consumer perception. The case of Toyota Motor is an example of how product liability can make or break the success of a multinational company. This paper will examine the product liability suits of Toyota and their actions taken to face and mitigate the adverse effects of the staggering market complaints. Keywords: product liability, defects, Toyota, reengineering, Lean strategy Introduction With the continuous evolution of customer needs and satisfaction, quality and safety of products are becoming more diverse and demanding. The emphasis on quality products always goes hand-in-hand with customer safety and health. These are some of the deciding factors that m aintain customer loyalty, establish reputation and considerably reduce liability for the company. Our society is becoming more litigious and very particular with performance, reliability, durability, and other value added benefits. However, there are sheer number of cases where products resulted to untoward incidents like injury and death which drive most companies to bring product liability to the spotlight. It is imperative to all companies that the heaviest responsibility for their products in the market rest on their shoulders. Failing to meet this responsibility will obviously result to legal actions and even threaten the company’s existence in the long run. The liability of manufacturers of products for harms caused to consumers has great prominence mostly in United States. It has already resulted to thousands of liability cases filed annually including some class actions of millions of individuals as plaintiffs (Polinsky and Shavell, 2009). The case of Toyota Motors ha s shown the world how a successful multinational company can be devastated with product liability suit within several years. Toyota is facing the biggest recalls in its history after uncovering widespread problems with its vehicles. Before we directly examine the events that caused Toyota Motors to recall millions of cars in different countries, let us first take a look on the beginnings and success of the company until the major outbreak of customer dissatisfaction and lawsuits regarding the failure of their products. The History of Development and Innovations The beginnings of Toyota Motors Company can be traced back from its founder Kiichiro Toyoda in Aichi, Japan. Established in 1937, the Toyota was previously branded as Toyoda which literally means â€Å"fertile rice paddies† in Japanese. The new name represented a convenient break from associating the company with old-fashioned farming. The newly formed word was trademarked and the company was registered in August 1937 as the "Toyota Motor Company (Toyota Motors Company, 1988) The Toyota Global (2012) website indicated that April 1936, Toyoda’s first passenger car was the Toyoda Standard Sedan AA. From September 1947, Toyota’s cars were sold under the name â€Å"Toyopet†. In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company, the Toyota Motor

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Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - Article Example Oil-burning automobiles and other forms of transportation vehicles are the primary source of air pollution, creating about 60% of the CO2 in the air (California Air Resources Board).   In addition to CO2, these vehicles also emit carbon monoxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), all of which contribute to global warming (Energy Information Administration).   All of these chemicals function as filters that trap the heat energy from the sun within the planet's atmosphere and cause the earth's temperature to rise on a global scale. But it isn't just the air that is affected by greenhouse gases causing climate change - the oceans are affected as well, contributing to changes in our weather patterns. The ocean acts as a natural filter for CO2 and other naturally-occurring atmospheric gases. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring levels have long been outweighed by human activity, overwhelming the natural system's balance and ability to process.   The oceans, which have been the earth’s natural filter, are now being forced to continually absorb higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than they naturally can handle (Miller).   As the water warms with the rising air temperatures and with its own collection of greenhouse gases, it becomes less capable of absorbing greenhouse gases, leaving them in even higher quantities in the air.   These warmer waters also have the effect of helping the ice caps melt, leading to rising water levels and warmer seas.   Additionally, increased air and water temperatures will increase.... All of these chemicals function as filters that trap the heat energy from the sun within the planet's atmosphere and cause the earth's temperature to rise on a global scale. But it isn't just the air that is affected by greenhouse gases causing climate change - the oceans are affected as well, contributing to changes in our weather patterns. The ocean acts as a natural filter for CO2 and other naturally-occurring atmospheric gases. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring levels have long been outweighed by human activity, overwhelming the natural system's balance and ability to process. The oceans, which have been the earth’s natural filter, are now being forced to continually absorb higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than they naturally can handle (Miller). As the water warms with the rising air temperatures and with its own collection of greenhouse gases, it becomes less capable of absorbing greenhouse gases, leaving them in even higher quantities in the air. These war mer waters also have the effect of helping the ice caps melt, leading to rising water levels and warmer seas. Additionally, increased air and water temperatures will increase the atmospheric water vapor through evaporation. This means the resulting precipitation will be proportionately higher and in different places than it has been in recorded history. Cloud compositions will change which will further amplify the greenhouse effect (Miller). This also leads to greater numbers of violent hurricanes and tropical storms. While rising sea levels may not seem all that bad, the effects of more powerful tidal forces and encroaching water can be devastating. â€Å"The tide comes and goes like clockwork, but if we continue to watch and

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

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The Chicago Outfit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Chicago Outfit - Essay Example It has been alleged that the Chicago outfit, in its operations, have directly or indirectly been aided and abetted some legal structures of government. For instance, they were said to have been behind many electoral malpractices, particularly the 1960 elections into the office of president. The Chicago Outfit is also alleged of short-changing Hollywood by having power over the unions that direct the affairs of Hollywood. Perhaps the action which is most indicative of the political corruption that aided the rise of the syndicate is that which touches on the attempts allegedly made by the government of the United States to use them to scuttle the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro (Mallory, 2007). The government and her institutions seem to now know that they need to tighten things up a little bit. Thus, some years ago, precisely between 1999 and 2009, a number of crackdowns on members and associates of the Chicago Outfits took place. Many of them were prosecuted. Most of them were found guilty of atrocities like gambling, tax evasion, extortion, and above all, murder (Mallory, 2007). They were handed prison terms and some were even given life imprisonment. This crackdown has indicated the government’s readiness to find an end to the gang. Nonetheless, it doesn’t mean the Chicago Outfit still doesn’t have its way as organized crime by the Chicago Outfit is still a societal

Weekly Assignment 1 Essay Example for Free

Weekly Assignment 1 Essay In Moore’s proof if an external world, he is attempting to show that we can know things outside of our own us (Moore; 144). He proves this by using the example of showing his hands, pointing at one hand and saying â€Å"here is my right hand† then pointing to the other and saying the same thing (Moore; 144). He states that by just being able lift hand is proof that it exists. He provided three conditions that support his claim which are that; if his two conclusions differ from one another, which they do not. If he knew proof but did not believe it and vice versa; and finally if his conclusion did not follow the premises which it did (Moore ; 145). Moore addresses the issues that readers have about the fact that he is not answering the question. He claims that they are seeking a statement saying, â€Å"Here’s one hand and here’s the other†, to prove external existence by coming up and examining both hands (Moore; 146). This statement is meant to accommodate all the examples of proof of external objects (Moore, 147). It is very unlikely that on exists because for that statement to be true there would have to be an initial proof that a person is not dreaming which is quite difficult to do. Moore also provides an additional proof for objects that have previously existed by saying:† I held up two hands above the desk not very long ago, therefore two hands existed not very long ago and therefore at least two external objects have existed at some time in the past† (Moore; 146). He uses this as a solution to Immanuel Kant’s (1724–1804) problem of the existence of external objects; because it shows that the objects have existed at some point in time (Moore;146). [300 Words] Reference List G. E. Moore’s paper â€Å"Proof of an External World† Taken from Sosa, E. and J. Kim. 2000. Epistemology: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Consumer Decision Rule Are Procedures Marketing Essay

Consumer Decision Rule Are Procedures Marketing Essay Introduction Consumer purchasing process theory is a critical component of marketing strategy. Consumer purchasing behavior can be complicated and understanding it is the essential working of effective marketing management. Before consumers make decision to purchase products, they estimate carefully about their thinking. Managers can guess consumers decision process such as Problem recognition, information search, and evaluation criteria. Body The first step is Problem recognition or Need recognition. Problem recognition is that consumers decide problems to be solved and have desires that they wish to satisfy. The consumer considers a significant difference between his or her current state of affairs and some desired or ideal state (Solomon Rabolt, 2003)1. Consumer try to compare between their desired consumer lifestyle that would like to live and feel, and current situation that is temporary factors affecting the consumer. If the consumer has a big gap between desired consumer lifestyle and current situation, they will purchase a product for satisfying the desire. However, if the gab is no different or they do not care about the problem, they will not purchase the product. Nowadays, telephone companies are attracting consumers to purchase by their new products which provide many kind of function. For instance, Businessmen tend to need using mobile phone nowadays in the society and the companies provide many useful functions for them. The new functions can help them to check business e-mails or checking business information on internet. If businessmen do not have a mobile phone, they will not be able to contact other business partners and other people think the businessmen is a dropout. Therefore, having a mobile phone is necessary for them, and having new phone can be fashion and trend for young businessmen. So they will consider purchasing the mobile phone as smart phone. Nowadays, we also can see other case of purchasing the phone in the school. According to Amanda Lenhart, 23percentage of all those ages 12-17 mention that they have a smartphone and ownership is highest among older teens: 31% of those ages 14-17 have a smartphone, compared with just 8% of youth ages 12-13 in America(Amanda Lenhart, 2012)2. If many class mates are having a mobile phone, it can highly affect the students who do not have a phone to desire having smart phone. One of them might be able to ask their parents to purchase it. On the other hands, desire of buying mobile phone and smart phone for most old people will be lower than the young people because they are not used to have mobile phone. Having a mobile phone and new functions in smart phone are unnecessary for them and they can be satisfied their life without mobile phone. It means the old people satisfied about their actual state as their old phone will not consider about it. Like these three different groups has different desire and thinking about the same product. If the Businessman and the students parents consider buying a smart phone, they will move to next stage is information research. Next stage is information search. Information search is when the consumers search the needed information for solving problem or desire. The consumer recollects their own past experience in their memory and it might provide the consumer with adequate information to make the present choice. In addition, The making decisions are based on the personal experience is internal source, and marketing and noncommercial information is external sources. For example, the businessman will remind what they know about new smart phone, compare brands of smart phone. If they do not have enough information or they have not had the phone, they will collect information from external sources as family and friend, internet, and advertisements. Their collect information value and spending time for collecting the information is depending on their free time to search, and how mobile phone is important and interesting to them. Finally, if the businessman is satisfied with information of smart phone, they will move to next stage. However, sometimes searching information also can be negative effect. If the students parents can spend long hours to check and collected many information, the parents can see negative side of smart phone like there are a lot of game application in smart phone, and the phone influence student to spend a lot of time for chatting with their friends whenever they want. The parents will be able to tend to consider about the negative sides and not to purchase it to their children. There is one more negative side of information research it is a failure. According to Leon G.Schiffman, search regret can have a damaging effect on retailers, because in this pilot study store blame and self-blame were not significantly correlated with each other(2010, Leon G.Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk)3. Thus, information search can be both negative and positive. Next stage is alternative evaluation. After consumer collect information, they compare the relevant and feasible alternatives has been gathered, the decision can be made. The evaluative criteria is the various features a consumer looks for in response to a particular problem. According to Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard, evaluative criteria is defined as the standards and specifications used by consumers to compare different products and brands. Evaluative criteria play an important role in the evaluation stage of the decision making process (Engel J.F, Blackwell, R.D and Miniard, P.W, 1993)4. For example, before purchasing a smart phone, the businessman might want to evaluate cost, function, design, display size, brand, and warranty. Evaluative criteria can differ in type, number and importance. If the businessman can decide to purchase a smart phone, they terminate information search, and they make a list of brand or models from which they plan to make their selection. The criteria t hey will use to evaluate each brand or model as Evoked Set, Inert Set, and Inept Set. Evoked set is the specific brands or models a business man considers to purchase within a particular product category. Inert Set is second choice of brands or models of smart phone because they are felt to be unacceptable or they are seen as inferior. Last list is Inert Set, which consists of brands or models the consumer is indifferent toward because they cannot obtain any advantage from smart phone like a smart phones for student, or silver phone for old people. The two kind of smart phones are not suitable to the businessman and the phones can be in list of Inert set. But, if they are still not sure which one they want to buy, they will search information again. If the businessman decides to purchase a smart phone Conclusion We can understand that consumer has different taste, and want depend on their occupation. Their decision ways is very complex. However, marketing managers can guess consumers purchasing decision by the purchasing process. Question2 Introduction Making decision to purchase a product is the last step for consumers and the consumers can use Consumer decision rules such as Compensatory and Non-compensatory decision rules. Consumer decision rule is procedures used by consumers to facilitate brand or other consumption-related choice. These rules provide consumers decision guidelines or routines to reduce the burden of making complex decisions. Body According to Leon G. Schiffman and Lesilie Lazar Kanuk, there are two consumer decision rules. Compensatory decision rules are that allows a positive estimate of a brand on one attribute to balance out a disadvantage point on other attributes. Non-compensatory decision rules are that do not allow consumers to balance positive evaluations of a brand on one attribute against a negative evaluation on other attributes. In addition, there are three Non-compensatory rules such as the conjunctive rule, the disjunctive rule, and the lexicographic rule. The Conjunctive decision rule is consumers evaluate a separate, minimally acceptable level such a cutoff point for each attribute. If a product a negative point, the point is ignored from future consideration. The disjunctive rule is the same with the Conjunctive rule. In applying the rule, the consumers evaluate a separate, minimally acceptable cutoff level for each attribute which should be better than the one normally established for a conj unctive rule. If a point meets the cutoff established for any one attribute, it is accepted. The Lexicographic decision rule is that the best ranks the attributes in terms of the single attribute that is considered most important. If an option scores sufficiently high on this the best rank attribute, it is chosen and the process ends (Leon G. Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk, 2010)5. In my case, I purchase a product by the lexicographic decision rule in Non-compensatory decision rules. For instance, there are four different brand of mobile phone as IPhone 4Gs, Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc X12, Samsung Galaxy S3, and BlackBerry Torch 9860. I will check Price, CPU in General, Camera video, 3G/4G Speed in Connective, and Screen. According to GadGetbook, the most expensive price of mobile phone is IPhone around RM2199~RM2799 and the lowest cost one is Blackberry around RM1400~RM1600. Therefore, I marked each mobile phone, Samsung Gelexy3 is 7 point, IPhone4Gs is 6 point, Sony is 9, and Blackb erry is 10 point. Price of the Sony and Blackberry is much cheaper than Samsung Geluxy3 and IPhone. However, Both the Sony and the Blackberry does not have other special feature. The two mobiles CPU, Camera Video, and Connective get low marks among the phones. Especially, Sony provides a poor quality of connective. High speed of Connecting 3G and 4G is the most important point for me because I need to use applications such as Skype which provide free call and video call. If speed of connective is slow, I will get a lot of lack while I am doing the calls with my family and friends (Gadgetbook ,2010)6. Conclusion As my result show chart of hypothetical Ratings for mobile phone*, both the highest connective performance and the highest total mark is Samsung Galaxy3. Hence, I will purchase Samsung Galaxy 3 without *Hypothetical Ratings for Mobile phone IPhone 4GS Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc X12 Samsung Galaxy3 BlackBerry Torch 9860 Price RM2199~2799 ( 6 ) RM1550~1650 ( 9 ) RM2050~2150 ( 7 ) RM1400~1600 ( 10 ) General(CPU) dual-core 1GHz (9) 1GHz scorpion (7) Quad-core 1.4 GHz (10) 1.2 GHz QC 8655 (8) Camera Video 8MP 32642448 [emailprotected] (10) 8MP 32642448 [emailprotected] (9) 8MP 32642448 [emailprotected] (10) 5 MP 2592ц¦1944 720p (7) Connective HSDPA: 14.4 Mbps HSUPA: 5.8 Mbps (8) HSDPA: 7.2 Mbps HSUPA: 5.8 Mbps (6) HSDPA: 21 Mbps HSUPA: 5.76 Mbps (10) HSDPA: 14.4 Mbps HSUPA: 5.76 Mbps (8) Screen 640 x 960 3.5 inches (9) 480 x 854 4.2 inches (8) 720 x 1280 4.8 inches (10) 480 x 800 pixels 3.7 inches (7) Total 42 39 47 40 Question3. Introduction There is no debt that mobile phone is very important for people and me. Most people, nowadays, cannot live without a mobile phone in the society and Mobile phone supports our life to be better with their many functions. Body When I was in Korea, mobile phone was not a so important thing for me and I thought I do not need to buy an expensive high function of mobile phone as camera phone although most of my friend was having them. Therefore, I had a cheap and classic phone as no color phones. However, after coming to Malaysia, my thinking about mobile phone was totally changed because of my situation it is studying abroad. First day in Malaysia, I did not have any friend in here and I realized I need a mobile phone for talking with my family and friends who are in Korea. But I could not call to them whenever I want because of too high phone bill. Thus, I desired to solve the problem. One day, my sister introduced about IPhone that I can use free call and free message through using IPhone application in WIFI zone. The function made me to be excited about smart phone. Actually, I had not thought that I would purchase smart phone that is expensive. Finally, I bought Iphone3 and my life was changed by IPhone a nd the special functions. The first change thing is that I can have more talking and chatting times with my family and friends thanks to the free call and free message application. Even father learnt using smart phone and he often send me message. If I did not have a mobile phone, I would not be able to contact my family, and Korean friends. It seems to me that it is the greatest wonderful advantage for me. Second change thing is that I use other a lot of applications and functions as camera and video in mobile phone and they are very helpful for me. I can take a picture by the mobile phone and upload on Facebook. I can read electronic books and playing games for time killing whenever I want. Conclusion The mobile companies improve their technology and they catch what consumers want and need for attracting customers to purchase. Having a mobile phone becomes one of new culture in the society. I am also affected it. When I was young, having a mobile phone was unnecessary for me and I could not know about advantage of mobile phone. It means that Classic phones could not attract me to have. However, I cannot live without my phone now because of new functions of mobile phone and I need them for my modern life. 1. Solomon, M.R., Rabolt, N.J. (2003). Consumer behavior in fashion (1st ed.). Upper , Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p.356. 2. Amanda Lenhart, 2012, Teens Smartphones Texting, http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Teens-and-smartphones.aspx 3. (2010, Leon G.Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk)2. Consumer behavior- prepurchase search, P.486.) 4. Engel, J.F., Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. (1993). Consumer Behavior (7th ed.). P.51. 5. Leon G. Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk, 2010, Consumer behavior, Consumer decision Rules, page 491~page492 6. (Gadgetbook ,2010) http://mobilemegamall.com/gadgets/Mobile-Phone-Price-Malaysia-10.html

Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay examples -- Song of Myself Essays

In one of the sections from the poem, â€Å"Song of Myself† Walt Whitman starts out with a child asking a question, â€Å"What is the grass?† Grass is a symbol of life. God, who created both the heavens and the earth also gave birth to life. When Whitman refers to grass as a â€Å"handkerchief of the Lord† (7), as a gift. When people look at the grass, they do not think of it as a creation but rather just a plant. Whitman refers to the grass as â€Å"a child, the produced babe of vegetation† (11, 12). Here, the grass is a metaphor for the birth of a child. In often cases, the birth of anything is celebrated because it symbolizes a new life, a new beginning. Whitman in a way compares grass as a human society. He mentions that grass is â€Å"a uniform hieroglyphic† (13) and they â€Å"alike† (14). In scientific terms, all humans are similar to each other and the only aspect that makes each person different is their personality and race. But even if people are racially different from each other physically, every person is the same internally as Whitman puts it: â€Å"Growing among black folks as among white, â€Å"Knuck, T...

Capital Punishment Today :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment Today "He who sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for in the image of God was man created."(Genesis 9:6) "Anyone who by violence causes a death must be put to death."(Exodus 21:12) "But should any person dare to kill another with deliberate planning, you will take that person even from my altar to be put to death."(Exodus 21:14) Capital Punishment can be described as a the punishment of death for a very bad or heinous crime like murder. Not all states have got capital punishment, otherwise known as the "Death Penalty." The states which do not have this type of punishment are Alaska, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The remaining states do have some form of capital punishment ranging from hanging, firing squad, electrocution, gas chamber, and lethal injection. If somebody killed someone they would not automatically get the death penalty, there are several circumstances that a judge, jury, and prosecutioner must look at to see how bad the crime was. In some states if you kidnap someone, and do heinous things to them, you could still be eligible for the death penalty. Each state which carries a death sentence has got their own requirements that a person must meet to decide whether they get life in prison, or the sentence of death. Below is each state which carries a death sentence and the requirements that a person must meet and be convicted of in order to receive the death sentence. In Alabama in order to receive the death penalty you must murder during a kidnapping, robbery, rape, sodomy, burglary, sexual assault, or arson. Also, someone would get the death penalty if they murdered a peace officer, correctional officer, public official, or murder under a life sentence. They're many more but they are kind of useless to my paper. In the state of Arizona, the only way you could receive the death penalty was if you committed first degree murder and had one of ten "aggravating" factors associated with the murder. In Arkansas you must kill someone with arson, kill a law enforcement officer on purpose, a teacher or school worker, kill a prison worker, a jail attendant, correctional worker, or someone who is in the military. Also if you are a hit man, otherwise known as contract murder. In California you must commit treason, which are acts to try to overthrow the government, homicide by a prisoner serving a life term, train wrecking, and lastly perjury causing

MP3s and the Music Industry :: mp3 digital music

MP3's and the Music Industry The Internet is now being used in many exciting and interesting ways. The music industry, however, has come to feel that it may be being abused. There are countless web sites offering information on how to obtain contemporary music, with and without permission from the creators. Using a fairly expensive recording device, such as Diamond Multimedia's Rio portable MP3 music player, consumers are supposedly able to download unauthorized music placed on MP3 sites. There are two distinct sides to the mp3 issue. A cyberspace tug-of-war is taking place between the rights of MP3 consumers and those of musicians and record companies that desire to control any and all consumption of their product, the music. Internet piracy is being combated by groups such as the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The rights of music consumers are being championed by many groups, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and supporters of such web sites as mp3.com. While there are a number of legal and authorized pieces of music that may be downloaded by Internet consumers, there are just as many offerings that can be considered to be "bootleg" or illegal, and are placed on the Internet by "pirates." This infringement on the rights of creators to control the reproduction and distribution of their product has incensed and angered many different groups. Their fight to retain control has resulted in a counter-argument in favor of online freedom and of expression and a battle to preserve civil liberties. Internet piracy has been a source of much controversy as it has grown and become the new medium of communication in our generation. The Internet connects so many people with so many products and, as in all industry, not all these people and products are fair and honest. The same is true in the world of the online music industry. Some artists champion the public's right to hear and record their music in an "industry-free" atmosphere. Others fear that their art is being exploited and their rights denied. In October 1999 the IFPI announced its efforts "aimed at ridding the Internet of large amounts of pirate content and paving the way for artists and record companies to deliver music electronically and legally across the world" (IFPI, 1999). The recording industry is collaborating to try and fight this exploitation. The "IFPI estimates there are some 1 million illegal music files posted on the Internet at any given time" (IFPI, 1999).

Havisham and Havisham

Miss Havisham and Havisham: Two Entirely Different People Carol Anne Duffy’s poem is intertextual. The character Havisham was built, off of Charles Dickens â€Å"Great Expectations† and more specifically off of Miss Havisham. Both Miss Havisham and Havisham are described as decaying skeletons and because of their similar names it would make sense to think of them as the same person, but are they really? At my first glance it seemed as if both Dickens’ and Duffy’s Havisham were the same character and I will admit there are some similarities like their obsession, but even these so called similarities have differences at their core.In reality they are very different characters that act differently and have different personalities. Even the way they are depicted, is very differently from one another, but when one looks at them together they do seem to help Dickens’ Miss Havisham be seen in a different life; a more human light. So even if the do seem sim ilar, they are in fact very different. You can see these differences most strongly by looking at the Havisham’s personalities. Dickens’ Miss Havisham is strong, powerful and driven for revenge towards Compeyson, and every other man alive.She even plans to and manipulates Estella so she may complete her revenge and hurt many men the way she has been hurt. Duffy’s Havisham on the other hand seems to be more fragile and weak and tells everyone she hates â€Å"him† but seems to be tottering on the edge of her conviction and on the edge of her desire for him. Both Miss Havisham and Havisham seem to have a strong obsession, both are obsessed with their former fiance and have lead there life surrounding themselves with that obsession. Dickens’ Miss Havisham obsession does tend to differ from Duffy’s Havisham.Dickens’ Havisham is obsessed with destroying and breaking any and all men she meets. Her obsession has even lead her to destroying Est ella, the only one that she had at first sought to protect. My Dear! Believe this: when she first came to me, I meant to save her from misery like my own. At first I meant no more. † â€Å"Well, well! † said I. â€Å"I hope so. † â€Å"But as she grew, and promised to be very beautiful, I gradually did worse, and with my praises, and with my jewels, and with my teachings, and with this figure of myself always before her a warning to back and point my essons, I stole her heart away and put ice in its place (Dickens 365) At first, Miss Havisham wished to protect Estella from the harsh world, to protect her from any man who would hurt her as she herself was hurt, but obsession lead her down a darker path. We can see part of this darkness when she tries to make Pip like herself, to make him obsessed and live his life trapped by his love for Estella, just like she lived her life for preserving the time before she was left by Compeyson.We can see her fueling his love for Estella several times throughout the novel, one of the most noticeable would be when she tells him to love Estella even if she hurts him. â€Å"Love her, love her, love her! How does she use you? ‘ Before I could answer †¦ she repeated, ‘Love her, love her, lover her! If she favours you, love her. If she wounds you, love her. If she tears your heart to pieces – and as it gets older and stronger, it will tear deeper – love her, love her, love her! † (Dickens 219).Pip, like Estella is becoming a marionette for Miss Havisham’s obsession, for if she could not have a life of happiness, a life being married to the one she thought loved her, no one could. Her revenge towards the man she once loved turns her bitter and twisted, putting anyone in her path in danger. At this time she is like a broken toy, malfunctioning and working herself into a frenzy, her revenge that started off towards one man has become a revenge and hatred towards love, and anyone who may achieve it.The Havisham from Duffy’s poem seems to have a more single minded obsession. She is obsessed with what has happened to her and the one who did this to her. Her obsession for the man who jilted her takes both and envious and murderous tone, for example she has â€Å"dark green pebbles for eyes† and â€Å"ropes on the back of my hands [she] could strangle with†(Duffy Lines 3-4). No her eyes have not turned into pebbles, but she is envious and jealous of her former lover, after all she is rotting from the inside out while he is living without even having regretted hurting her.The â€Å"ropes† on the back of her hands could mean many things but it could be an indication of her age, or her veins swollen with age and sticking off of her corpse like body. The fact she could strangle with her own veins shows a sinister scene, who she wishes to strangle could be herself but is most likely the man who jilted her. The only real similari ty between the Havishams would be there decayed appearance. After all both of Havisham descriptions are dark and tend to make them seem like the living dead of skeletons; for example Dickens’Havisham is described as follows; I saw that the bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress, and like the flowers, and had no brightness left but the brightness of her sunken eyes. I saw that the dress had been put upon the rounded figure of a young woman, and that the figure upon which it now hung loose, had shrunk to skin and bone. †¦ Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me (Dickens 52) Miss Havisham has decayed and withered away, she still wears her bridal dress, and it has yellowed and decayed along with her.She has no substance, she is a person that has already died long ago, and only an empty crazed shell remains. Duffy’s Havisham has a similar description, â€Å"Spinster. I stink and remember. Whole days/ in bed caw ing Nooooo at the wall; the dress/ yellowing, trembling if I open the wardrobe;/ the slewed mirror, full-length, her, myself, who did this/ to me? †(Duffy Lines 5-9). Havisham has both the appearance of Miss Havisham and her name, she even is still wearing her own bridal dress, even after all the years it has been since she was jilted. She has also yellowed, decayed and her withered body trembles from the strain of life.But Havisham spends days â€Å"cawing† at the wall, she has gone past the point of straight forwardly get revenge, her words are choppy, disconnected and she can’t seem to follow a though. She has fractured mentally and can only think of her pain from being betrayed. She, unlike Miss Havisham, has no grip on reality and cannot accomplish her revenge. Another one of the differences between the Havisham is that Dickens Miss Havisham is strong and steady in her desires, whereas Duffy’s Havisham is weak and wavers in her feelings. Miss Havisham is defined by her rejection on her wedding day.She is determined to live in heartbreak while making it impossible for those around her to have healthy relationships. She stops all the clocks, she wears the same dress, she never eats in front of anyone and only every wears one shoe. She essentially stopped time for herself by not allowing anything to change after she learns about her lover’s betrayal and her determination has helped her to do this. â€Å"I'll tell you what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self humiliation, utter submission, trust and belief against yourself and against the whole world, giving up your whole heart and soul to the smiter–as I did† (Dickens 219).Duffy’s Havisham on the other hand is constantly wavering, she can seem to make up her mind about her true feelings, and after all when you look at how broken she is it is not a big surprise. Even her fist line has a contradiction about her feelings, â€Å"Beloved sw eetheart bastard. †¦ / Some nights better, the lost body over me,/ my fluent tongue in its mouth in its ear/ then down till I suddenly bite awake†(Duffy Lines 1, 10 -12). After seeing these lines we can be sure that Havisham has mixed feelings about her ex-fiance.She obviously bounces between bitter hatred and self-loathing that she still desires them. Her ex is both something that she finds beloved and a sweetheart, but also feels betrayed by; after all she does call him a bastard. We can see she still desires his body when she speaks about â€Å"the lost body† on top of her. But you can see her bitterness remains by her dehumanization of him. When you first read â€Å"Great Expectations† Miss Havisham does not seem to be real. She seemed to me to be a creation from a child’s imagination.She is a ghost, a skeleton and an engineer who takes pleasure in manipulating everyone from Estella to Pip. Though after having read Duffy’s Havisham, it seem s as if Miss Havisham is more human. Duffy’s Havisham wants to have â€Å"a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon† (Duffy Line 15). She is quite twisted according to our standards and makes Dickens’ Miss Havisham seem tame and mild is they are shown together. Havisham is dark and has a slightly murderous intent; she is violent and is more dangerous, especially if we compare her to Miss Havisham. Havisham is but a tool to make Miss Havisham seem softer, and nicer.A tool that makes it possible to have pity upon Miss Havsham and place the blame of her current state upon her insensitive ex-fiance Compeyson. So, in conclusion, the two Havishams that at first seem to be one and the same are in fact different. Dickens’ Havisham is strong and unwavering, determined and manipulative, while Duffy’s Havisham is weak and wavering, helpless yet dangerous. They both have very different personalities, and very different ways of looking at things. They are two com pletely different individuals that just happen to have a similar name and appearance.They don’t act the same; they don’t have the same desires or motives so they can not be the same person. When they are placed side by side they just use each other to let the other be seen in a different light. Whether we see a crazed, dark evil or a pitiful, lonely soul depends on the Havisham you wish to view. Works Cited Dickens, Charles, and Margaret Cardwell. Great Expectations. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. Print. Duffy, Carol Ann. â€Å"Havisham. †Ã‚  Introduction to English Studies. North Bay: Nipissing University Coursepack, 2012. Black Board. C. McFarlane. Web. 02 Mar. 2012.

Effects of five life factors Essay

Genetic factors such as cystic fibrosis for example, are life factors which can affect the development of an individual. It can affect an individual at any age and is caused by a faulty gene that is passed from the parents to the child. The faulty gene allows too much salt and not enough water into cells and makes a build up of thick, sticky mucus in the body’s tubes. This can cause blockages in the body’s tubes and passageways, and causes damage to lungs, the digestive system, and other organs. Case Study Lauren, who is 14 years old, was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis when she was 3 months old. Her personal symptoms include coughing, wheezing and being unable to do things that she normally could do if she wasn’t ill. For example, if she was coughing a lot, then she couldn’t do any sports or dancing because it would make her more productive, which means bringing up lots of phlegm and it isn’t very nice. Sometimes it makes her sick in front of her friends, which can be embarrassing. This affects Lauren physically as she would suffer from malnutrition, which would cause her to be unhealthy as she isn’t getting the nutrition’s that she needs, and she would be tired with no energy which stops her from doing things she likes doing like sports and dancing. She would also have a low immune system which causes her to catch bugs easily so she has to be extra careful. It affects Lauren intellectually too because due to CF making her unwell, she would be constantly in and out of hospital so she would miss a lot of school, meaning that she would miss out on learning the things that the other children are learning. Lauren is also affected emotionally by cystic fibrosis because she may feel different to everybody else, which could lead to stronger feelings such as feeling isolated from everyone else, or depression and sadness. She can feel embarrassed at times too when other people see her when she is unwell as she can’t stop herself from being sick when she needs to be. Lastly, Lauren is affected socially as well because friendships would most likely be on a low and she wouldn’t be able to go out with her friends much because of cystic fibrosis making her unwell. She would also not be able to participate in some social groups/activities because of her condition, meaning that she misses out on things that other children don’t need to, and has her opportunities restricted. Biological factors such as foetal alcohol syndrome for example, are life factors which can affect the development of an individual. Women who drink alcohol during pregnancy can give birth to babies with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These disorders range from mild to severe. They can be behavioral, physical, related to learning, or all of the above. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe form of the condition. People with FAS may have problems with their vision, hearing, memory, attention span, and abilities to learn and communicate. While the defects vary from one person to another, the damage is often permanent. http://www.healthline.com/health/fetal-alcohol-syndrome#Overview1 Case Study In 1977, Matthew was the first British baby to be diagnosed with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The damage to his brain in the womb means he suffers from learning difficulties, emotional problems like immaturity, and obsessive behaviour. Matthew looks like many other young men his age, although his head is small for his body, one of the many physical effects of FASD, which can also include heart, skeleton and facial abnormalities. â€Å"I can only cope with one thing at a time or it’s too overwhelming,† he says. â€Å"I can remember my family’s car number plates from the last 15 years, but not whether I locked my car door 30 seconds ago†. Just as difficult is Matthew’s social isolation. Those with FASD can’t interpret facial expressions or body language. In company, Matthew can be over-familiar with people he doesn’t know well. â€Å"I can’t relate to anyone,† he says. â€Å"When I’m on my own, I’m dying to be with other people. But when I’m with around other people, I wish I was on my own again†. Matthew was born weighing just under 6lbs. Damage to his nervous system meant he didn’t respond to stimuli or even cry for the first year of his life. â€Å"Every one of my milestones was late,† says Matthew. â€Å"I didn’t smile until I was a year old. I was three before I sat up and four before I walked.† It was in Matthew’s late teenage years that the gulf really started to open up. As his peers forged careers and relationships, his social and intellectual limitations became more obvious. Matthew’s progress has been remarkable. He is articulate and self-aware. But he also suffers from fragmented vision in one eye and  chronic short-sightedness. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/foetal-alcohol-syndrome-drink-destroyed-my-life-402017.html Environmental factors such as damp/overcrowded housing for example, are life factors that can affect the development of an individual. Dampness includes the presence of water damage, damp stains, visible mould and condensation. Reports from housing charity Shelter have found that more than one million children in England are living in â€Å"damp, cold, infested† housing. Moreover, more than one million houses in England are considered â€Å"unfit to live in†. A survey based on the 2001 census has also found that more than half a million families in the UK live in officially overcrowded housing. These statistics have major implications. A person’s physical environment affects their health and well-being. This is especially the case for young children, who can spend 90% of their time in the home. Studies Some studies and reviews from the UK and elsewhere have reported an association between dampness, moisture and mould and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among children of all ages. For example, one review found that children in homes with damp and/or mould are two and a half times more likely to have coughs or wheezes than children in â€Å"dry† homes. Another UK study found that visible mould was significantly associated with an increased risk of wheezing illness among children aged 9-11 years. A wider European study of older children also found prevalence of asthma and chronic cough was higher in damp homes. The association between moisture and cough or respiratory problems is particularly significant with regard to nocturnal symptoms and more significant still for children who have a predisposition to allergies. A Finnish study found a significant association between eczema in preschool children and visible moisture and mould in the home, and a relationship between these environmental conditions and nausea in older children. All age groups in this study were found to visit primary care more frequently than their counterparts in dryer houses. This effects children living in these damp homes physically as it can make them very unwell more than children living in dryer homes. These symptoms include coughing,  wheezing, nausea and even worse effects for children who already have allergies such as asthma. It would affect the children emotionally too as they would be most likely on a low if their allergies or illnesses aren’t getting better because of the house they are living in. This could lead to them feeling slightly depressed or sad, and even make them have a low self-esteem as they may think that there is something wrong with them. Also, it could affect these children socially as their allergy getting worse may prevent them from going out with friends and taking part in out-door activities. http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2007/11/21/the-environmental-impact-on-children-of-poor-housing/ Socio-economic factors such as employment status for example, are life factors that can affect the development of an individual. The amount of income and social status an individual has, is linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and the poorest people, the greater the differences in health is. People who have a higher income and social status are usually the ones who have better health because they can afford the best treatment in health services and can afford the best products. Also they would have a better self-concept and confidence. Education links to this as if you have good qualifications you are more likely to get a good employment status. Low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence. http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/ Case Study Garry is 43 years old and works in a theatre as the cleaner. He has worked at the theatre for 4 years as he has been in and out of different cleaning jobs before. When Garry left school at 16 he only had 2 qualifications and he never bothered going to college. This meant that his opportunities career-wise were quite limited, so he went into cleaning to earn some money and never progressed to anything higher. Gary’s salary isn’t very much but he has to stretch his money to pay bills and look after his wife and 2 children. He has constantly been stressed with trying to sort his money out for many years, as he could have been more stable and happy if he was earning more money. Garry has a bad self-concept of himself and has no  confidence at all as he thinks that he should be a better husband and father, this is because he has a low employment status and doesn’t earn as much as other men do. Due to all the stress Garry has had throughout many years, he was diagnosed with heart disease and he and his family have been doing everything they can to make sure he is okay. Unfortunately, Garry could not afford any special treatment for his heart disease as he has never had a high-income, so his chance of being cured was quite low. This would most likely end badly, however a person who has a higher income than Garry can afford the special treatment and therefore has a better chance of surviving. Employment status effects Garry physically as his wage is low, meaning he can’t afford special health treatment to survive things such as heart disease when people with a higher income could survive. It effects him emotionally too because he hasn’t progressed any higher than a cleaner, so he doesn’t have a good self-concept of himself, making him have feelings of depression and he has no confidence at all. He is also affected socially as he may feel intimidated to socialise with other men who are earning much more than him and who are providing extremely well for their families, so he may feel isolated and lonely as he may feel like he can’t make friends. Lifestyle factors, such as obesity for an example, are life factors that can affect the development of an individual. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or psychiatric illness. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity Case Study A 52-year-old woman with obesity and a 9year history of type 2 diabetes presents with complaints of fatigue, difficulty losing weight, and no motivation. She denies polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision, or  vaginal infections. She notes a marked decrease in her energy level, particularly in the afternoons. She is tearful and states that she was diagnosed with depression and prescribed an antidepressant that she chose not to take. She states that she has gained an enormous amount of weight since being placed on insulin 6 years ago. Her weight has continued to increase over the past 5 years, and she is presently at the highest weight she has ever been. She states that every time she tries to cut down on her eating she has symptoms of shakiness, diaphoresis, and increased hunger. She does not follow any specific diet and has been so fearful of hypoglycemia that she often eats extra snacks. Her health care practitioners have repeatedly advised weight loss and exercise to improve her health status. She complains that the pain in her knees and ankles makes it difficult to do any exercise. This affects her physically as she can suffer with many different diseases because of being obese, and could be as serious as causing death. It affects her emotionally too because she may have a very low self-esteem because obesity is defined the opposite of beautiful in today’s society. This could lead to further feelings such as depression as she may feel not good enough, and she cannot do as much physically as people who don’t have obesity which can lead to feelings such as frustration. Also, obesity can affect her socially as she may not feel confident enough to leave the house to socialise as people make fun of her, which makes it even harder to make new friends. Feelings of depression could lead to even further feelings of isolation, as she may not feel happy enough to go out and see friends, which will lead to her not leaving her home. http://journal.diabetes.org/clinicaldiabetes/V17n31999/Pg142.htm